October 2025 APCA MARKET PENETRATION RESEARCH www.ContinuumCapital.net 9.4% 15.6% 8.8% 13.3% 56.5% 49.4% 43.3% 29.9% 30.9% 48.6% 25.4% 21.0% 90.6% 84.4% 91.2% 86.7% 43.5% 50.6% 56.7% 70.1% 69.1% 51.4% 74.6% 79.0% 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Mileage Workforce Size Gas T, HL, & Gath. Mileage Union Workforce Size Merit Workforce Size Phase 1 – 2000 to 2007 Phase 2 – 2008 to 2019 Phase 3 – 2020 to Present Executive Summary (1 of 6) 2008/2009 peak mileage primarily captured by union contractors. 2014, 2017, and 2019 peak mileage primarily captured by merit shop contractors. Beyond 2010, merit shop firms picked up more peak workforce and lost less trough workforce. 5 Interpretive Note: Union and Merit Shop Workforce size lines are not stacked. Source: Propriety Continuum analysis and modeling of workforce size; Propriety Continuum analysis of PHMSA raw data,
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